Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel primarily composed of carbon, formed through the chemical changes of ancient plants under high temperature, high pressure, and anoxic conditions. Coal is a rich energy resource, mainly used for electricity generation, heating, and as an industrial raw material. Based on its composition and properties, coal can be classified into different types, including anthracite, bituminous coal, lignite, and peat. It is one of the most important energy sources globally, widely applied in industries such as power generation, metallurgy, chemicals, and construction materials.

Quartz sand is a fine particle material primarily composed of quartz (SiO₂) minerals, widely used in industries such as construction, glass manufacturing, casting, chemicals, and water treatment. Due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, quartz sand is regarded as an important industrial raw material, often utilized to enhance the performance of other materials and as a filler.

Iron ore is a mineral that contains iron elements, primarily classified into two categories: hematite (Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). These ores typically exist in the earth's crust in ore form and are mined, then processed through crushing, grinding, and beneficiation to extract iron ore concentrates, which are ultimately used for smelting iron and steel.

Copper concentrate is derived from copper ore and consists of copper-bearing minerals, primarily used for producing copper metal. The concentrate undergoes processes such as crushing, grinding, and flotation to obtain a product with a high copper content.